Written by: Ugwu Jude Ozoemena (B.Sc)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Introduction
Water is essential in life, it is important to both plant and
animal. It supports a vast variety of life and provides home for many living
organisms. It is important for the survival and distribution of fish. The
physicochemicalcharacteristics of water play a large role in
determining the fish fauna in a water body. Physicochemical
parameters of a water body are those physical and chemical factors
that affect water quality. Parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved
oxygen and nutrients have biological significance and are used as population
indicators (Grace, 2015). A good water quality supports and provides good comfort
for large diversity of fish species. Aquatic organisms need a healthy
environment to live and have adequate nutrients for their growth. Quality of
water refers to the component of water, which is to be present at the optimum
level for suitable growth of plants and animals. Fish productivity depends on
the physicochemical
characteristics of the water body which also affects the fish fauna.
Temperature for example is crucial in the movement and distribution of fish and
this is usually more noticeable in the temperate regions where there is marked
variation in the seasonal changes of temperature (Araoye, 2009). High and
low temperatures that are lethal to individual organism of a species determines
the distribution and abundance of its populations this is because fish that
cannot survive or tolerate a particular temperature tends to migrate to a
favourable habitat leaving those that can tolerate the temperature range behind.
Not only that temperature affects the distribution of fish, it also affects
directly or indirectly other limnological parameters such as dissolved gases,
transparency, viscosity, pH, Total dissolve solids and conductivity (Araoye,
2009). These parameters in turn affects the distribution and abundance of fish.
Water temperature controls the rate of all chemical reactions, and affects fish
growth, reproduction and immunity (Mulongaibalu et al. 2014). The
biota can be affected in many ways by Changes in water quality and river
habitat and can impact stream-resident fishes as well as migratory species
(Joanna and Daniel, 2002).
Fish fauna of a water body simply mean the diversity and
population of fish (Kantaraj et al., 2011). It is the different
type of fish species and their population that is present in a given water
body. Some factors such as irrational fishing practices, degradation of the
environment like increased sedimentation, increasing drought, water
abstraction, and pollution for long period of time have reduced the diversity
of fish and some species have been lost from the freshwater ecosystem and the
number of some fish are being threatened (Kantaraj et al., 2011).
Effluents from industries are being discharged into most rivers in urban areas
of developing countries (Patil et al., 2012). Ikpoba river of Edo
state Nigeria is not an exception to that as the river is located very close to
the Guinness brewery, the water receives pollutant from the company, this
effluent tends to alter the biotic and abiotic condition of the river and hence
the fish fauna in the water body.
1.1.1 Justification
of the work
Different works had been carried out on the river to determine
the physico-chemicalparameters
of the river. Beckley et al. (2014) studied
physicochemical and microbial properties of waste water discharged into the
Ikpoba rivers as well as water samples obtained from the river at different
points of collection. Etiosa and Agho (2006) in participation in the world
water monitoring day studied the physicochemicalparameters
of the river. Ogbeibu and Oribhabor (2001) studied the water quality,
the ecological impact of stream regulation using benthic macroinvertebrates as
indicators designed to investigate all possible anthropogenic impacts on the
water quality and fauna of the Ikpoba River. Ekhaise and Anyansi (2005)
reported high counts of bacterial population in the River.
Majority of the works carried out on the river is centered mostly
on just the physicochemical
parameter of the river, much works has not been documented on the effect of
the physicochemical
parameter of the water on fish distribution in the river. This is
where the zeal for this study was borne. Having earlier noted that the Ikpoba
River receives effluents from a brewery industry, it is important to critically
study the effect of water quality characteristics on the fish population and
diversity of Ikpoba river, for proper sustainability and decision-making
process.
1.1.2 Objectives
of studies
The objectives of this study were to:
1. Determine the physicochemical parameter of the river
2. Assess the fish fauna of the river, composition and
abundance
1.2 Literature
Review
Many works have been published on the test for the effect
of physicochemical
characteristics of different water body on the distribution of fish.
Daniel et al. (2013) states that several parameters influence the
distribution of both the juveniles and adults of fish species.
Dhirendra et al. (2009) noted that when a river is
polluted, the chemical quality is first affected before the community is
systematically destroyed. He went further to state that to shape a sound public
policy and to implement the water quality improvement programs efficiently,
accurate and timely information on the quality of water is necessary.
Aftab et al. (2005) studied various physicochemicalparameters and
analysis of untreated fertilizer effluent. His result revealed that parameters
like Electrical conductivity, Total Dissolve Solid, Biological Oxygen Demand,
Chemical Oxygen Demand and ammonia are high compared to permissible limits of
Central Pollution Control Board CPCB (1995). Dey et al. (2005)
while studying the various physicochemical
parameters on the samples drawn from the river Koel, Shankha and
Brahmani, observed that dilution during rainy season decreases the metal
concentration level to a considerable extent. Premlata (2009) studied the physicochemicalcharacteristics of
the Pichhola lake, various water parameters like air and water temperature, pH,
free CO2, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand,
conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, total alkalinity, chloride,
nitrate, phosphate and sulphate were studied. The results revealed that the
values of conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and sulphate were found to
cross the standard limits in water samples. The coefficient of correlation (r)
among various physicochemical
parameters was also made. Gupta et al. (2009) analyzed
water samples from 20 sampling points of Kaithal for their physicochemical
characteristics. Analysis of samples for pH, Colour, Odour, Hardness, Chloride,
Alkalinity and Total Dissolve Solid were carried out, on comparing the results
obtained against drinking water quality standards laid by Indian Council of
Medical Research (ICMR) and World Health Organization (WHO), it was found that
some of the water samples are non-potable for human being due to high
concentration of one or the other parameter. Saravanakumar and Ranjith (2011)
presents paper studies about groundwater quality of Ambattur industrial area in
Chennai City. They studied parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, total
hardness, turbidity, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and
conductivity. It was observed that there was a slight fluctuation in the physicochemical
parameters among the water samples studied. Comparison of the physicochemical
parameters of the water sample with World Health Organization (WHO)
and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) limits showed that the
groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human
use. Manjare et al. (2010) studied the Physicochemical
Parameters of Tamadalge Water Tank in Kolhapur District, Maharashtra, monthly
Changes in Physical and Chemical Parameters Such as Water Temperature,
Transparency, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Free
Carbon dioxide, and Total Hardness, Chlorides, Alkalinity, Phosphate and
Nitrates were analyzed for a period of one year. The results obtained were
within the Permissible limits and the results indicate that the tank is
non-polluted and can be used for Domestic and Irrigation purposes. Mulongaibalu et
al. (2014) studied the water quality standards of river Ishasha and lake
Edward to demonstrate their ability to support fish species in selected sites.
In their studies, the mean values of the parameters remained within the
permissible limits of water quality standards for most aquatic species.
Venkatesharaju et al. (2010) states that the maintenance of
healthy aquatic ecosystem is dependent on the physicochemical properties and
biological diversity. Aghoghovwia (2011) studied the Physicochemical
Parameters of Warri river in Niger delta region of Nigeria, the values
recorded in his studies were lower than those reported by Egborge (1994)
respectively on the Warri River but higher than those documented by Ogbeibu and
Ezeunara (2002) for Ikpoba River in Benin City. He went further to state that
the result was because of the several industries, sawmills and market along the
shores of the Warri River which are more compared to Ikpoba River in Benin City
which is bounded by the Nigerian brewery as the only industry that discharges
effluents and pollutant into the river. He further stated that Gas flaring as
well as release of carbon by vehicles, industries that depend on generating
sets owing to poor supply of power from the nation’s energy sector in and
around Warri may have generated acid rains. Ogbeibu and Edutie (2002) studied
the physical properties of Ikpoba river and they review that increased total
dissolve solid (TDS), turbidity, NaCl, reduced transparency and dissolved
oxygen indicate inefficient effluent treatment in the brewery.
1.3 Physicochemical Parameters of Water.
1.3.1 Temperature
The flow of heat and fluctuation of temperature determines species
that will live and thrive in a water. As such it influences the chosen habitat
of a variety of aquatic life (Fondriest, 2014). Fish may locate
farther.............. Continue
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